Early Intervention Reducing Recidivism Among Children and...

Early Intervention reducing recidivism among children and adolescent offenders Student number: s2875363 Student name: Kate O’Reilly Course name: CCJ10 Introduction to Forensic Psychology Enrollment: External, Griffith University Course convener: Dr. Myesa Knox Mahoney Course tutor: Domanic De Andrade Date due: Wed 23rd Jan 2013 Word count: 1430 It has been widely†¦show more content†¦There often limited opportunities for intervention before the fact (Markowitz, 2011). Because of this some offenders tend towards homelessness and crimes of survival such as shoplifting and trespassing, some committing these non-violent crimes as a way of seeking intervention they would not otherwise have access to (Hinday, 1997). Symptoms of mental illness include; impulsivity and impaired judgment and can cause already hotheaded youths to act in antisocial ways (Hinday, 1997). A form of intervention that continually arises in research looking at young offenders is the use of cognitive behavioural therapy or modification. Cognitive Behavioural therapy is founded on social learning, and adopts the theory that offenders have learned unsuitable ways of behaving due to their environment (McGuire, 2003). Many intervention plans include this type of treatment, sometimes coupled with psychiatric treatments (Jones, Chancey, Lowe amp; Risler, 2010). Cognitive behavioural techniques encourage offenders to think through a situation, instead of ensuing their immediate response. A reaction that can often be impetuous and self-centered attitudes that increase the likelihood of anti-social behavior (McGuire, 2003). In cognitive behavioural therapy an offenders learning is conditioned, they are trained to eradicate maladaptive actions (McGuire, 2003). Cognitive, rehabilitation or intervention programs aim to bring changesShow MoreRelatedEvidence-Based Practices For Yout h Offenders1343 Words   |  6 Pagespractices that are beneficial for youth offenders (SAMHSA, 2017). Per SAMHSA (2017), between 50-70 percent of the youth in the juvenile justice system, have a mental disorder and up to 60 percent have been diagnosed with a substance use disorder (SAMHSA, 2017). Of those youth with dual diagnosis, approximately 30 percent have lost the ability to function as a result of their disorder (SAMHSA, 2017). Therefore, to determine the best treatment plan for youth offenders, evidence-based practices focus onRead MoreRecividism in Juvenile Offenders4025 Words   |  17 Pagesdo this repeatedly are referred to as re-offenders. The age and the sex of the offender also contribute to the recidivism rate and the types of consequences. Other contributing factors in recidivism include the relationship the youth has with peers or parents, whether they abuse substances, and the racial origins of the young offender. There is a wide spectrum of consequences and di fferent ways in which treatment attempts to aid re-offenders. Re-offenders commit various crimes and differ greatlyRead MoreThe High Incarceration Rate Of Juveniles1748 Words   |  7 Pagesdevelopmental trajectory. Adolescents who are incarcerated in the juvenile justice system face a multitude of negative lifelong implications. The history of incarcerating youth in residential facilities such as juvenile halls, camps, ranches or group homes as a consequence for committing crimes has a deep-rooted history in the United States. â€Å"For more than a century, the predominant strategy for treatment and punishments of serious and sometimes not-so-serious juveniles offenders in the US has been placementRead MoreEarly Intervention and Juvenile Delinquency Prevention: Evidence from the Chicago Longitudinal Study2633 Words   |  11 PagesEarly Intervention and Juvenile Delinquency Prevention: Evidence from the Chicago Longitudinal Study (CLS) (Mann, E. A., Reynolds, A. J., 2006). The Chicago Longitudinal Study (CLS) was a quasi-experimental design study which investigated the role of Child-Parent Center (CPC), early education intervention (independent variable) and child, family, peer and school-level predictors on court-reported juvenile delinquency (dependent variable). The predictor variables used have been supported throughRead MoreCause And Effects Of Juvenile Delinquency1458 Words   |  6 Pagestheorist continue to assert the probable causes and effects of juvenile delinquency (peaking during teenage phase 15-19) and its increasing provocations into adulthood (declining during the early twenties 40-60%) (National Institute of Justice, 2014). Offenders that were severely delinquent and violent during early youth (below age twelve) posed a higher probability of continuity of offending into the adult phase, in which a Pittsburgh Youth Study notes that 52-57% of juvenile delinquents maintain continuityRead MoreJuvenile Justice: Incarceration vs. Intervention3212 Words   |  13 Pagesï » ¿ Juvenile Justice: Intervention versus Incarceration Lisa Whipple Professor Sinclair-Appelt English Composition II May 1, 2012 Abstract The national trend towards getting tough on juvenile crime by altering the juvenile justice system to more closely mirror the adult system was examined in order to determine whether secure confinement of juvenile offenders is as effective as community-based rehabilitative and treatment programs for these youth. PoliticiansRead More Hope for Rehabilitation for Institutionalized Youth Offenders4628 Words   |  19 Pagesjuvenile delinquency. It has been suggested that a punitive response to the problem of youth violence in America is an effective means of solving the issue of youth crime, and would also deter future offenders. As a result, the existence of rehabilitation strategies within the system available to offenders is under threat. A harsh and punitive response to youth violence was, in part, brought about by a moral panic across America. Exaggerations by the media and political figures act as instigatorsRead MoreJuvenile Recidivism3788 Words   |  16 PagesJuvenile Recidivism Karen G Liberty University Abstract Recidivism is when someone returns to the same behavior that they were previously doing (Unruh, Gau, amp; Waintrup, 2009). There are many factors that raise the risk of juvenile recidivism such as single parenting, and even when the parents become involved in drug use. When juveniles become high risk for recidivism it is important that the adults whether it be the parents, teachers or any adult in authority step in to help the juvenile toRead MorePrison : Recidivism And Reentry3158 Words   |  13 PagesWomen in Prison: Recidivism and Reentry The study of recidivism amongst women in prison is important because most research focuses on the male population. The reasons for the â€Å"revolving door† phenomenon are different for women; therefore, their treatment should be more gender focused and specific to their needs. Judging by the rates at which women recidivate, you could assume that somewhere along the way the system has failed them. What role does drug use, motherhood, mental health, physicalRead MorePrison : Recidivism And Reentry3158 Words   |  13 PagesWomen in Prison: Recidivism and Reentry The study of recidivism amongst women in prison is important because most research focuses on the male population. The reasons for the â€Å"revolving door† phenomenon are different for women; therefore, their treatment should be more gender focused and specific to their needs. Judging by the rates at which women recidivate, you could assume that somewhere along the way the system has failed them. What role does drug use, motherhood, mental health, physical

Quotes From The Stranger by Albert Camus

The Stranger is a famous novel by Albert Camus, who wrote about existential themes. The story is a first-person narrative, through the eyes of Meursault, an Algerian. Here are a few quotes from The Stranger, separated by chapter. Part 1, Chapter 1 Maman died today. Or yesterday maybe, I dont know. I got a telegram from the home: Mother deceased. Funeral tomorrow. Faithfully yours. That doesnt mean anything. Maybe it was yesterday. It had been a long time since Id been out in the country, and I could feel how much Id enjoy going for a walk if it hadnt been for Maman. Part 1, Chapter 2 It occurred to me that anyway one more Sunday was over that Maman was buried now, that I was going back to work, and that, really, nothing had changed. Part 1, Chapter 3 He asked if I thought she was cheating on him, and it seemed to me she was; if I thought she should be punished and what I would do in his place, and I said you cant ever be sure, but I understood his wanting to punish her. I got up. Raymond gave me a very firm handshake and said that men always understand each other. I left his room, closing the door behind me, and paused for a minute in the dark, on the landing. The house was quiet, and a breath of dark, dank air wafted p from deep in the stairwell. All I could hear was the blood pounding in my ears. I stood there, motionless. Part 1, Chapter 4 She was wearing a pair of my pajamas with the sleeves rolled up. When she laughed I wanted her again. A minute later she asked me if I loved her. I told her it didnt mean anything but that I didnt think so. She looked sad. But as we were fixing lunch, and for no apparent reason, she laughed in such a way that I kissed her. Part 1, Chapter 5 I would rather not have upset him, but I couldnt see any reason to change my life. Looking back on it, I wasnt unhappy. When I was a student, I had lots of ambitions like that. But when I had to give up my studies I learned very quickly that none of it really mattered. Part 1, Chapter 6 For the first time maybe, I really thought I was going to get married. Part 2, Chapter 2 At that time, I often thought that if I had had to live in the trunk of a dead tree, with nothing to do but look up at the sky flowing overhead, little by little I would have gotten used to it. Part 2, Chapter 3 For the first time in years, I had this stupid urge to cry, because I could feel how much all these people hated me. I had this stupid urge to cry, because I could feel how much all these people hated me. The spectators laughed. And my lawyer, rolling up one of his sleeves, said with finality, Here we have a perfect reflection of this entire trial: everything is true and nothing is true! They had before them the basest of crimes, a crime made worse than sordid by the fact that they were dealing with a monster, a man without morals. Part 2, Chapter 4 But all the long speeches, all the interminable days and hours that people had spent talking about my soul, had left me with the impression of a colorless swirling river that was making me dizzy. I was assailed by memories of a life that wasnt mine anymore, but one in which Id found the simplest and most lasting joys. He wanted to talk to me about God again, but I went up to him and made one last attempt to explain to him that I only had a little time left and I didnt want to waste it on God.

MBA Application Letter to Study Free Essays

string(31) " an actor as well as receiver\." INTRODUCTION 1. PERSONAL HISTORY My name is ————. I have done my Bachelors of Business Administration as my undergraduate degree. We will write a custom essay sample on MBA Application Letter to Study or any similar topic only for you Order Now I always wanted to do an MBA and this was the reason I did BBA in my undergraduate degree to form a learning basis in the field of business management. Through BBA I have developed the basic skills in all the fields of management and MBA will help me in enhancing those skills at â€Å"M† level. I chose to do an MBA in University of Wales Institute, Cardiff because it will give me an international exposure and an international point of view of looking into business and because it’s only a one year course. I always felt that the only thing in which I lack behind from others is self confidence. MBA will definitely help me in gaining that confidence and give me an extra edge over others. It will also help me in building up my leadership skills and broaden my horizons and my thinking power in the field of business. 1.1 FUTURE FOCUS I want to establish a career in the IT world. I want to enter the IT world by gaining the most basic job an MBA graduate gets and then want to grow up gradually and consistently. I want to grow from the most basic level even if I get a better opportunity initially because my ultimate aim is to work and gain a capital and then start up my own business. I want to work at every level and gain experience and knowledge in every field which will help me in applying those skills and knowledge when I start up my own business. By working in different designations I will be able to even understand the relations between higher authorities and employees in a company. The graph above shows the level of growth which I expect from myself in the five years from the day I enter the corporate world. 2. REFLECTION ON ACTION 2.1 PROBLEMS FACED Due to the change in the entire educational pattern between my home country and the host country there were lot of problems faced by me initially when I came to study my MBA at University of Wales Institute, Cardiff. The major problem faced by me while doing my first assignment was the usage of Harvard Referencing System and it took me a lot of time to understand the thin line difference between as what can be considered as plagiarism and what cannot be considered as plagiarism. It was little challenging to understand as how to refer and cite different texts taken from various sources.I found it little difficult to understand the difference between two terms paraphrasing and copying. I feel a majority of the students would have faced the same problem as I faced because when I was doing a short assignment on the topic ‘plagiarism’ itself, I came across a survey which showed that more than 50% of the students have plagiarised their statement of purpose while applying for a dmissions. Accessing the electronic resources provided by the university was not much of a problem but sometimes it was difficult to access the few databases as it required registration and all. Another major problem faced by me was it was very difficult for me and my group members to understand our finance assignment. Our finance assignment was different from the theory which was being taught in class. We couldn’t even go and ask our professor about the assignment often as what degree of guidance we take was a part of the assessing criteria. 2.2 STRATEGIES USED By getting involved in Wider Reading. By reading more about the Harvard Referencing System and looking at the examples as how the reference is given if the text is taken from a book, if taken from a journal and so on. Through communication with other people who already know about plagiarism and through in depth discussions about it with seniors who have already faced the same problem and overcome it. Going through the past projects and reports available in the library. Avoiding the usage of google and try and read and collect information from the various sources available in the electronic library. 2.3 LEARNING THEORIES 2.3.1 Kolb’s Experiential Learning Theory Kolb’s have developed this theory on the earlier work done by John Dewey and Kurt Levin. According to Kolb Experiential learning theory, learning is a process where knowledge is gained through experience. Kolb’s has divided his learning cycle of experiential theory into four zones. The first zone Concrete experience refers to the stage of doing and experimenting things. The second zone Reflective Observation refers to the process where a person observes the experiment done by him and reflects accordingly. The third zone Abstract Conceptualization refers to the process which runs in the mind of a person where he gets involved in deeper thinking and tries to conceptualize the entire experiment in the most effective way. Last but not the least zone Active Experimentation refers to the process where a person is planning to experiment the concept which has been understood by him for more experiences and learning. In addition to the four zones there are even four different styles of learning which can be utilised to the most when it is used in between the correct zones. Diverger is a style of learning which can be utilised the most when it has enough data and information to observe. An assimilator style is one where enough data is given to make a concept on the basis of information. Converger is a style where the space is given for practicing and testing the concept. Accommodator is a style where a learner is able to accommodate his experiments into more learning and gaining more experience through that learning. (Sugarman, 1985) A nature of a student is very similar to the kolb’s theory because a student acts as an actor as well as receiver. You read "MBA Application Letter to Study" in category "Essay examples" A student experience lot of things in classrooms by listening to lectures, arguments made by other classmates, examples given by lecturers etc. A student reflect on this experiences by going home and reading more about the topic which was lectured in the classroom, researching on the internet, reading blogs, journals and newspapers and collect as much as information possible. It then builds a broad outline of the topic in his mind and then put that concept in action by making a project on the topic. Such nature of a student is proved by the model formed by Svinciki and Dixon. The data found out by Svinciki and Dixon is attached in the appendix. (Bergsteiner, Avery and Neuman, 2010) On a personal note I totally agree with Kolb’s Experiential Theory as it is true that past experiences or direct experience really help you with learning. I have personally experienced this learning cycle. During my induction week at University of Wales Institute, Cardiff I heard a word â€Å"Plagiarism† from my professor. I didn’t know the meaning of the word and so after my class got over I went home and search the internet and found out the meaning of the word and thus learnt a new concept. Through the process of finding the meaning of the word plagiarism I even came across a referencing system known as Harvard referencing system and learnt about the usage of it. 2.3.1.1 EXAMPLE A case study of Ludic learning space provides us with an example where Experiential Learning Theory has put into practice. The case study learning to play, playing to learn is developed on the basis of two perspectives. Firstly the emergence of ludic learning space by multidisciplinary theories uncovering the hidden principles of play. Secondly the formations of the same learning space through a football league case study where players of different age group, gender etc come together under an examination. As the theory suggests that individuals learn a lot when they are set free, the ludic learning space also gives the players the chance to learn from the experience they gain by playing under no supervisory authority and practice again and again. Through such freedom given to the players they are able to set their own path of learning and thus start the learning cycle. After their play, the players observe their patterns of play and reflect on it by rectifying their mistakes and strengthening their weaker areas and develop themselves more strongly towards the game. They conceptualize their game and then set their own rules and codes of conduct of the game leading to the completion of the Kolb’s Experiential Learning Cycle. (Kolb Y and Kolb A, 2010) (Emeraldinsight.com, 1988) 2.3.2 Mayer Cognitive theory of Multimedia Learning According to this theory, Mayer believes in that a person learn more from photographic images and in text images rather than just from plain words. According to Mayer, this theory believes that there are two sections in human brain. The theory assume few things such as an human brain has two separate sections for recording different type of media such as auditory and visual media. It even assume that every section has a limited capacity of recording and thus believes that learning is a simple process of collecting information, filtering it in your mind and then organising and then presenting one’s collected information to others. This can be represented easily in the form of a diagram. (Mayer, 1998) (Stuff4educators.com, 2011) The working memory filters the information from the sensory memory organs such as ears and eyes and short list down the selected words and images which it wants to store in the working memory. Then the working memory starts its process and converts those sounds and images into verbal and pictorial mode respectively. Thus the integrating process starts from those verbal and pictorial modes and the knowledge gets stored into a long term memory format. On a personal note I believe in the lesson which the theory suggest as from personal experience I have seen that it is more easy for me to remember things when presented in pictorial form such as diagrams, pictures, graphical representation etc rather than just in words. It has been always easy for me to recollect the information I read from the pictures during my examination. 2.3.2.1 Example According to a survey done by the Department of Education of the University of Gent in Belgium it is proved that students spent less time on the instructions when given in a visual mode than the students under audio conditions. Students with video inputs provided proved to outperform their friends and other students with audio inputs. (Tabbers, Martens and Merrienboer, 2004) 2.3.3 CONCLUSION The reason behind as why I chose the above two theories is that I strongly believe that the learning model suggested by the two theorist is related to the way in which I have started my learning process. Reference Sugarman Leonies, 1985, Kolb’s model of experiential learning: touchstone for Trainers, Students, Counsellors and Clients, Journal of Counselling and Development, [e-journal], Vol 64, Issue 4/5p, p264. Available Through : Business Source Premier Database [Accessed December, 1985] Kolb Alice Y and Kolb David A, 2010, Learning to play, playing to learn: A case study of the ludic learning space, Journal of Organizational Change Management, [e-journal], Vol 43, Issue 1, p43. Available through: Swetswise Database [Accessed 2010] Emerald Group Publishing Limitied, 1988 [image online] Available at [ Accessed 1st April 2011 ] Richard Mayer, 1998 , Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning [online] Available at [Accessed 2008] Multimodal Instructions, 2011 [image] [online] Available at [Accessed 2nd April 2011] Tabbers, Huib K. – Martens, Rob L. – Merrienboer, Jeroen J. G., 2004, Multimedia instructionsand cognitive load theory: Effects of Modality and Cueing, British Journal of Education Psychology, [e-journal], Vol 74, Issue 1, P71 .Available at Swetswise Database [ Accessed 3rd April 2011] Harald Bergsteiner, Gayle C Avery and Ruth Neuman, 2010, Kolb’s Experiential Learning Model : Critique from a Modelling Perspective, Studies in Continuing Education [e-journal] Vol 32, Issue 1, P29. Available at Swetswise Database [Accessed 4th April 2011] How to cite MBA Application Letter to Study, Essay examples

Communications Theory Essay Example For Students

Communications Theory Essay Communications is that what binds the world. Even though it is easy to give a simple answer when asked what communications exactly is, it is difficult to explain it so that it is understood clearly. There is a lot you need to consider with it. There are different areas concerning communications and very diverse functions in this area. Through this research report we will have a glimpse in the world of communications and with it more knowledge and understanding about it. Corporate communication exists of different fields, which together have the purpose to make an image and identity of a company and its product. Corporate communication is a management instrument that combines all forms of direct communication and gears them for one another. Reputation is very important. The first goal of corporate communication is to improve the reputation of a company. A corporate reputation is a cognitive representation of a companys ability to meet the expectations of its stakeholders. A company benefits from a favourable reputation by becoming the first choice of customers, investors, suppliers and employees. A corporate reputation creates shareholder value, because it contributes in and of itself to the companys competitive position. A company benefits from its reputation, because:It improves cash flows and profitability;It acts like a barrier that impedes rivalry;It provides a company an enhanced license to operate; andIt raises a protective shield against downturns and crisis. A company which is specialised in corporate communication is for example: The Corporate Communication Centre. C.C.C. is a joint initiative of the Erasmus University (Rotterdam, The Netherlands) and the business community. The centre tries to co-ordinate all thecommunication activities within a company and gives advice on communication policies and the organisation of communication methods. C.C.C. also offers training in corporate communication, executive courses and in-company courses. Companies as Shell, Unilever, Compaq Computers and Ernst Young have a good reputation. They are multinational enterprises. They need a good reputation to be the number one in their field. Especially Shell, because its product (fuel, gasoline) is bad for the environment. But by introducing Shell Pura, which is better for the environment, Shell is different from other gas stations. This is an example of corporate communication. Corporate communication is found in all sectors of society. Think of hospitals, travel organisations, commercial services industries, industrial companies, universities, air companies, telecom companies and so on. Every company needs a specific image to be successful in their field. A professional magazine like Focus is a very important magazine. Each year, chief executives of the USs largest companies anxiously wait for the publication of Focus Magazines survey of Americas Most Admired Companies, the leading arbiter of corporate reputations. To be working in the field of corporate communication you will need skills as: Basic communication skills (presenting, organising, researching);Strategic issues management (stakeholder theory, strategic issues, strategic management);Strategic information technology planning (improving the effectiveness/competitiveness);Strategic external communication (communication campaigns);Economical psychology (explaining the behaviour of external stakeholders);Public affairs: European Political Environment;Investor relations (trust between a firm and its stakeholders);Corporate branding: (a distinguishment of a company to its rivals with its customers); andProfessions in the field of corporate communication are for example: Communications consultant, Marketer. A company hires you to improve their reputation. You can work in a lot of different companies. Think of a hospital, a university or Shell. You can do research for companies, like the C.C.C. You can work as a teacher of corporate communication. Marketing communication is the act of communicating with the target group concerning a new innovation or a service in a convincing manner. It also determines that all constraints (cultural diversity, media limitations, legal problems, and so forth) are controlled so the right message is communicated to and received by prospective consumers. Marketing communications involves advertising, sales promotion, personal selling, and public relations, the mutually reinforcing elements of the promotional mix. Once a product or service is developed to meet target markets needs and is properly distributed, indented customers must be informed of the product or service value and availability through advertising and promotion the ingredients in the marketing communication. Consumers respond in terms of their culture, lifestyle, feelings, value systems, attitudes, beliefs and perceptions. Because marketing communication or specifically advertisings function is to interpret or translate the need/want satisfying qualities of products or services in terms of consumer needs, wants, desire and aspirations, the emotional appeals, symbols, persuasive approaches, and other characteristics of an advertisement must coincide with cultural norms if it is to be effective. Marketing communication is very essential because it determine that all constraints (legal and cultural diversity, media limitations and so forth) are controlled so the right message is communicated and received by prospective consumers. Communication may fail for a variety of reasons: a message may not go through because of media inadequacy; the message may be received by prospective audience but may not be understood because of different cultural interpretations; or the message may reach the intended audience and may be understood but have no effect because the marketer did not correctly assess the needs and wants of the target market. The marketing communicator understands the communication process and uses it effectively to achieve the advertising and promotional goals and objectives of the company. Below is the communication process of the marketing communicatorEncoding message channel Noise Decoding Information source Receiver Feedback In the communication process, each of the seven identifiable segments can ultimately affect the accuracy of the process as illustrated, the process consist of:1.Encoding, information from the company to the target group. London8217s use of setting in 8220To Build a Fire8 EssayTo deliver good work as a visual communicator you have to be very creative. To succeed as a visual communicator you must have it in you, to put yourself into other people. If you cannot do this, you are not able to reach people, you want to reach them because you do not know what they want, need, think, etc. You cannot do the same thing twice in this field; you always have to come up with something different and refreshing. So you should always be in for a change and never stand still. A visual communicator also has to have a critical mind and the ability to solve problems. Knowledge how to transform information in a visual form is very important, as well as the ability to do that designing by using computers and other aids. We think that visual communication is very important for the field of communication. With visual communication you can reach a large audience as well as a small audience. You can also make it very clear for which group, for example the advertisements, are meant. People always like to be approached in a personal way. With visual communication they get this kind of approach very often. With this approach they can identify themselves with the product or service a company is offering. We think that the most important media (which is used on the field of visual communication) is nowadays the Internet. People can find really everything on it. There are lots of advertisements and things like little video clips and music to make a product or service more attractive and at the same time it chooses their target group, so people of this group will react on it. Also the television is still very important for this field. Almost everybody watches television everyday, so they feel that everything t hey see on it is very close and familiar to them, they get even more involved if they see something, which really affects them. Further we have got newspapers, billboards, displays etc. that also play a part in the field of visual communication. You can find visual communication in lots of sectors of society (if not all of them). Nowadays almost everybody is presenting himself or herself to the world. If we only look at the Internet, we will already discover pages of scouts, house agents, assistance organizations, pencil manufacturers, libraries, super markets etc. So everybody tries to present themselves and the easiest way is by using visual communication, because with this kind of communication everybody has got a great opportunity to express themselves and attract the right people. Visual communication is used by a lot of companies. They use it to communicate; present people information. There do exist a lot of communication professionals in this field. For example: Web designers, Graphic designers, Photographers, Filmmakers, Advertisement makers, Text Writers and Artists. Thanks to the technical revolution there are a lot more visual communication professionals now. The success of the Internet made a lot of companies re alize that this would be a new medium of visual communication and this medium would reach millions of people. So there is a large demand for visual communicators who are specialized on The Web. Such as: Web designers, Digital image-makers etc. Almost every company uses visual communication. A known company that operates in this sector is for example: Benneton. This is a clothing company that became famous with their shocking billboards without text with a photo of for example a man dying because he has A.I.D.S. These billboards shocked the world and everybody was talking about it. By using a photo, the company was communicating with people. The company was expressing their thoughts and ideas; it wanted that the rest of the world would take notice of this decease. The communication was successful, because it caused a response by the public. That was an example of traditional visual communication by using a photo; there are also a lot of known companies using new visual communications by using the Internet. For example, an Internet provider like World Online, uses a website to communicate with their target group. The website has to look good so it will attract people. If the website looks good it will give people the idea it is a professional and reliable organisation. On the Internet we found a couple of international organisations which were specialised on visual communication. For example; The International Visual Communication Organisation It is an organisation that keeps track of all the changes in the field and regularly holds meeting to inform all the visual communication specialists. There is also a professional journal that is called Visual Communications Quarterly. It is co-sponsored by the Viscom division (also a visual communication organisation) and the National Press Photographers. Bibliography:Resource list:The Media Institutewww.media.org/The Communication Research Centerwww.jou.ufl.edu/commres/crc.htmAssociation for education in journalism and Mass Communicationswww.facsnet.org.cgi-bin/New/facs/4149Media History Monographs: quarterly online journalwww.scripps.ohiou.edu/mediahistoryCED: the Premier Magazine of Broadband Communicationwww.cedmagazine.comwww.ivca.orgwww.viscom.apanet.orgwww.artic.eduwww.herron.iupui.eduThe Blake Agencyhttp://www.blakeagency.com/Anderson associateshttp://www.prexperts.com/public_relations_dir45.htmThe McRae Agencyhttp://www.mcraeagency.com/Who is in charge? Corporate communications or corporate marketing?A European survey amongst the top reputation leading companiesCentre for corporate communications, mem institute at the university of St. Gallen,Switzerland working paper, 1999 Markus Will, Malte Probst and Thomas SchmidtThe reputational Landscape1997 vol 1C. van Riel and C. Fombrun